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Sign up for the Sign up for the Eater newsletter The freshest news from the food world every day. Thanks for signing up! Meanwhile, the risks of pharmacological interventions include opioid addiction, withdrawal, difficulty breathing, and possible impacts on neurodevelopment. The downside of painkillers has spurred the search for alternate treatments. One method gives babies sucrose before procedures because it can release endorphins and potentially ease pain.

Other work has found that breastfeeding during needle-related procedures provides more pain relief than interventions such as swaddling, being held, topical anesthetics, music therapy, or a pacifier.

In , a trial in Sweden compared the progress of babies cared for in a traditional intensive care ward versus a darkened, quiet, more womb-like room with parents present. The latter group was discharged quicker and had grown slightly more by the end of their stay. Today, many neonatal experts think this kind of family-centered care is the wave of the future. At the time, some 70 percent of preemies died in their overcrowded neonatal ward.

Rey had stumbled upon a report describing how a kangaroo raised its peanut-size underdeveloped joey to about a quarter of her own weight, raising it inside her pouch and keeping it warm through skin-to-skin contact.

Rey discovered that human babies also thrived in this way, and after implementing the technique, preemie death rates plummeted. The World Health Organization recently estimated that annually, kangaroo care could save , lives. Years later in Canada, Johnston found that skin-to-skin contact provided a calming situation for conducting routine procedures in the NICU and babies both showed a milder pain response and recovered more quickly.

Her team monitored 20 premature babies at the Parini Hospital in Italy during their daily heel-prick blood tests, with mothers talking to them or singing to them. Singing also helped, but less so. When the team examined hormonal changes triggered when a baby hears its mother speaking to them, they found that oxytocin levels rose substantially.

Oxytocin, sometimes called the attachment hormone, is produced in the hippocampus and plays a crucial role in modulating pain, stress, and social behaviors. With lower oxytocin levels, the emotional brain — the hypothalamus — is less developed. Notably, there were fewer lung issues and much shorter hospital stays. Sweden has since incorporated this knowledge by redesigning many NICUs so parents can live with their baby, even in high intensive care situations. In a number of countries, new NICUs are being built with individual rooms to house families.

But government support is needed for most people to devote months to caring for their sick child. In Sweden , nationalized medicine covers costs, and the government pays parental benefits up to 35 weeks; extended benefits can stretch to 61 weeks.

In Canada , which also provides medical coverage, both mother and father are entitled to days of paid leave. The situation is far different in the U. The U. Westrup and Bergman emphasize that we should not just wait until neonatal units are rebuilt or all the economic conditions are in place to act. Ultimately, there is substantial evidence that we need to change the system to embrace zero separation, they say.

Teaching nurses and doctors how to provide this kind of developmental care will give children a healthier future. Keels of Nationwide Children's Hospital is optimistic about the evolution in preemie care and the research that will continue to inform best practices. All rights reserved. Share Tweet Email. There are several issues on which negotiations are continuing and the text has yet to reflect their progress. Sharma has asked all parties to send in their suggested amendments to the draft and to meet him to discuss their reactions.

He will find himself asked for a lot of meetings. But it matters how this early text is drafted, for two reasons. First, the lack of balance means that it is the least developed countries which will have to do the most work to change it. In Paris the French presidency worked the other way round. They drafted an ambitious text and dared the biggest emitters to oppose it. Second, the perceived imbalance could affect the trust in the British hosts.

Sharma has built himself a strong reputation over the past couple of years preparing for the COP. He will not want to lose that in the crucial last days ahead.