Lancet Neurology. Multiple sclerosis MS. Updated July 23, Accessed September 26, NINDS multiple sclerosis information page. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke website. Accessed September 27, Contributions of vitamin D response elements and HLA promoters to multiple sclerosis risk.
What is MS? National Multiple Sclerosis Society website. Accessed September 13, Familial aggregation of systemic lupus erythematosus and coaggregation of autoimmune diseases in affected families. Exceptional Nurses Winchester Hospital was the first community hospital in the state to achieve Magnet designation, recognition for nursing excellence.
Supporting Our Community Our tremendous staff gives back to our community by coordinating free health screenings, educational programs, and food drives. What Our Patients are Saying A leading indicator of our success is the feedback we get from our patients. Home Health Library. Age People between 16 and 40 are at higher risk. This is when MS is found in most people.
Gender MS is found in women at younger ages than men. Philadelphia, Pa. Ferri FF. Multiple sclerosis. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor Olek MJ. Clinical presentation, course, and prognosis of multiple sclerosis in adults. Wingerchuk DM expert opinion. Ciccarelli O. Multiple sclerosis in New therapies and biomarkers. The Lancet. Keegan BM. Therapeutic decision making in a new drug era in multiple sclerosis. Seminars in Neurology. Goldman L, et al. Multiple sclerosis and demyelinating conditions of the central nervous system.
In: Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Lotze TE. Pathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnosis of pediatric multiple sclerosis. Kantarci OH, et al. Novel immunomodulatory approaches for the management of multiple sclerosis. Disease-modifying treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in adults. Olek MJ, et al. Treatment of acute exacerbations of multiple sclerosis in adults. Wingerchuk DM. Multiple sclerosis: Current and emerging disease-modifying therapies and treatment strategies.
Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Pizzorno JE, et al. In: Textbook of Natural Medicine. Louis, Mo. Purpose of review: This article summarizes recent advances in the identification of genetic and environmental factors that affect the risk of developing multiple sclerosis MS and the pathogenic processes involved in acute relapses and relapse-independent disability progression. Recent findings: The number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with increased risk of MS has increased to more than variants.
The evidence for the association of Epstein-Barr virus infection, vitamin D deficiency, obesity, and smoking with increased risk of MS has further accumulated, and, in cases of obesity and vitamin D deficiency, the evidence for causal association has strengthened. So far, cluster studies in MS have not produced clear evidence for the existence of any causative or triggering factor or factors in MS. Low vitamin D levels in the blood have been identified as a risk factor for the development of MS.
Some researchers believe that sun exposure the natural source of Vitamin D may help to explain the north-south distribution of MS. People who live closer to the equator are exposed to greater amounts of sunlight year-round.
As a result, they tend to have higher levels of naturally-produced vitamin D, which is thought to support immune function and may help protect against immune-mediated diseases like MS. Smoking The evidence is also growing that smoking plays an important role in MS. Fortunately, the evidence also suggests that stopping smoking — whether before or after the onset of MS — is associated with a slower progression of disability.
Obesity Several studies have shown that obesity in childhood and adolescence, particularly in girls, increased the risk of later developing MS. Other studies have shown that obesity in early adulthood may also contribute to an increased risk of developing MS. Also, obesity may contribute to inflammation and more MS activity in those already diagnosed with MS. Many viruses and bacteria — including measles, canine distemper, human herpes virus-6, Epstein-Barr virus EBV , and Chlamydia pneumonia — have been or are being investigated to determine if they are involved in the development of MS.
EBV, the virus that causes mononucleosis, has received significant attention in recent years. A growing number of research findings indicate that previous infection with EBV contributes to the risk of developing MS. MS is not an inherited disease, meaning it is not a disease that is passed down from generation to generation.
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