She gained fame while working with Lawrence Kohlberg on ethical relationships and ethical community. She also wrote her first novel Kyra in The implication of this theory is based on the fact that there are many important factors than justice which contributes to the development of a human being.
She was the first psychologist who considered gender differences in the moral development. She considered the difference in mental processes of men and women as a variable that effects the moral development based on the difference of genders. Carol Gilligan observed that young girls are more inclined towards love, care, affection and meaningful relationships with other humans whereas young boys are more focused on justice.
As an ethic grounded in voice and relationships, in the importance of everyone having a voice, being listened to carefully in their own right and on their own terms and heard with respect.
An ethics of care directs our attention to the need for responsiveness in relationships paying attention, listening, responding and to the costs of losing connection with oneself or with others. Its logic is inductive, contextual, psychological, rather than deductive or mathematical. What is the most important thing you learned from the ethics of care? That morality is grounded in a psychological logic, reflecting the ways in which we experience ourselves in relation to others and that the origins of morality lie in human relationships as they give rise to concerns about injustice and carelessness.
Studying development, I realized that concerns about oppression and concerns about abandonment are built into the human life cycle, given the differential power between children and adults and the fact that care is essential for human survival.
An ethics of care speaks to these concerns. Whom do you consider to be your most important teacher s in this area? The people who participated in my research along with great artists—playwrights, novelists and poets—who have enhanced our understanding of the human condition across cultures and time. What works in the ethics of care do you see as the most important? Currently, the writings of Michael Slote, and the work being done in Paris by the moral philosopher Sandra Laugier and the sociologist, Patricia Paperman.
Joining the Resistance , especially the first and last chapters, and also In a Different Voice and The Birth of Pleasure For the alignment of care ethics with democracy and with resistance to patriarchy, I would also recommend my book with David A.
This leads to a shift in moral judgment away from "goodness" to "truth" as she starts to honestly assess her own desires, not just her responsibility to others. At the Postconventional Level, moral judgment is dictated by the principle of nonviolence. The needs of the self are just as important as the needs of others, which causes the woman to arrive at a universal ethic of care and concern.
Adhering to the obligation of care while avoiding harm or exploitation to herself and others enables the woman to accept responsibility for her choices. Gilligan didn't identify specific ages when the levels of moral development would be reached.
However, as Kohlberg did with his theory, she noted some women might not reach the highest level. She also observed that it wasn't life experience that pushed a woman to higher levels, but cognitive ability and changes in a woman's sense of self. Movement through Gilligan's stages of moral development hinges on an evolving sense of self. At the Preconventional Level, only the needs of the self are recognized; at the Conventional Level, the needs of others are prioritized while the needs of the self are denied; at the Postconventional Level, a balance is struck between the needs of the self and others.
Transition through these levels is based on a woman's reconsideration of what she considers selfish. Throughout these levels, women's sense of self, and the sense of morality that arises because of it, are driven by their feelings of connection and responsibility toward others, which gradually evolve to encompass others and then expand to encompass everyone, including the self.
While Gilligan's ideas were groundbreaking, some feminist psychologists have also criticized them because they treat women's voices as a single homogenous entity while ignoring the diversity of women based on age, class, race, and other factors. Moreover, some have expressed concern over the suggestion that women emphasize care and connection more than men, arguing that this reinforces traditional ideas about femininity while potentially continuing to push women into caregiver roles.
Gilligan's observations have also been critiqued as the result of societal expectations of men and women, not innate gender differences, which means that men's and women's moral development would follow different paths if society's expectations were different. Despite these criticisms, Gilligan's theory continues to be studied today.
It is now widely acknowledged that there are two moral orientations, one that emphasizes justice and one that emphasizes care, as Gilligan proposed. Both genders develop both orientations, however, studies have shown that men tend to emphasize an ethics of justice and women an ethics of care. Recent research has continued to back up this assertion. For example, one study found that men and women handled ethical dilemmas in business differently, a result that was attributed to Gilligan's theory.
Similarly, research analyzing the way men and women thought about morality found that men utilized a detached, intellectual approach while women used a subjective, personal approach.
Although both genders understood one another's moral perspective, men and women were unable to comfortably adopt the other's approach, demonstrating a gender divide consistent with Gilligan's ideas. This research demonstrates that the moral development of men and women tends to follow different trajectories that emphasize different things.
Because women and girls often prioritize relationships and care over rules and principles, their approaches to ethical dilemmas in their professional, academic, and personal lives are likely to contrast with that of men and boys.
Because the world still tends to prize men's perspectives over women's, this may leave women and girls feeling alienated or alone.
However, for women, girls, and those raising girls, it helps to keep in mind that Gilligan's theory shows that many women and girls are likely struggling in similar ways. This is knowledge that can perhaps enable them to feel less isolated and show them that their moral values and sense of self are legitimate even if they are different from men's.
Ever wonder what your personality type means? Sign up to find out more in our Healthy Mind newsletter. Kohlberg L. Hum Dev. Moral reasoning about sexual dilemmas: The development of an interviews and scoring system. Washington, DC: U. Commission on Obscenity and Pornography; Gilligan C. Cambridge, MA. Harv Educ Rev.
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