A large explosion in Beirut, Lebanon, was reportedly caused by a large quantity of ammonium nitrate stored in a warehouse near the port. It is not volatile i. Unlikely to be locally toxic. However if it is stored in a large pile, above its critical diameter and initiated, it can have explosive properties.
This fire then spread to the ammonium nitrate pile which started to burn giving off NOx products, water as a gas and nitrogen. As the ammonium nitrate burnt the gaseous products within the pile could not escape causing the burn rate to increase. When the speed of the burn became supersonic greater than the speed of sound through the material the ammonium nitrate detonated resulting in a supersonic shock travelling through the material which became a blast wave when it travelled through the atmosphere.
The blast wave can travel great distances causing damage to buildings, cars, people etc. Is there anything that you can tell from the extent of the damage and how away the blast was felt? The pressures would cause damage to the ear drums, lungs, organs, and result in broken bones.
The high temperatures would result in burns to the skin and lungs. Ammonium nitrate absorbs water and becomes over a period of time, a hard solid rather than a powder. The velocity of detonation increase with density so the power of the explosion is greater in a solid compared to a powder.
It is found naturally but is made in large quantities by reacting the gas ammonia with nitric acid. In itself it is quite innocuous, being non-poisonous like sodium chloride and stored properly in water-tight containers is relatively stable. Its main applications are as a fertiliser and as a component in explosives used, for instance, in mining. If in an open space where the heat can escape, if heated it decomposes to oxides of nitrogen which are a health hazard and water vapour but will not catch fire.
However, if it comes into contact with an intense source of heat and ignition, such as a detonator or an intense fire for some time, and is present as a large bulk mass e. It decomposes rapidly to gases, because of the confinement heat cannot escape, the gases rapidly expand and the explosion occurs.
This releases an enormous amount of energy, and sends out a shock wave as the surrounding air is rapidly compressed which propagates very rapidly over the surrounding area and does enormous damage to buildings and people.
This is what seems to have happened in Beirut yesterday. So this indicates that there may have been a fire close to or even inside the store, which was probably the source of heat and maybe of ignition for flammable packaging which set off the explosion of the tonnes of ammonium nitrate reportedly stored there.
When the explosion happened, a new mushroom shaped cloud rapidly developed and expanded rapidly over a wide area, inland over the port and out over the water.
The mushroom type cloud is formed by the rapidly expanding gases which rise upwards as they are heated and so have a lower density than the surrounding air. The pressure shockwave radiates outwards through the air much more quickly and its effects are felt much further away within seconds. An initial probe into the incident was presented by local officials at the Cologne district government on Monday.
The report found that a chemical reaction "probably" caused the spent liquid in a waste storage tank to self-heat rapidly, resulting in an increase in pressure that the tank could not withstand. Currenta said in a statement that the initial findings were consistent with its own investigations. PDF KB. Note: In lieu of an abstract, this is the article's first page. Cited By. This article is cited by 32 publications. Organic Letters , 23 1 , Mane and Bhalchandra M. The Journal of Organic Chemistry , 81 3 , Kopp , Olivier Mathieu , Eric L.
International Journal of Chemical Kinetics , 47 1 , Yetter , Nick G. Explosive and general oxidative characteristics of fuels. Explosive and General Oxidative Characteristics of Fuels. Rightley , F. Burning velocities of CO flames. Combustion and Flame , 3 , Chapter 5 Global behaviour in the oxidation of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and simple hydrocarbons. The Reaction between Carbon Monoxide and Oxygen. Ahmed , M. Kinetics and mechanism of the explosive reaction of carbon monoxide and oxygen.
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