Persistent exposure to discrimination can lead individuals to internalize the prejudice or stigma that is directed against them, manifesting in shame, low self-esteem, fear and stress, as well as poor health. Welcome to the United Nations. Toggle navigation. Home Prejudice and discrimination: Barriers to social inclusion. Majorities say each of these is at least a minor reason that blacks may have a harder time getting ahead than whites.
There is vast disagreement between blacks and whites about the extent to which racial discrimination may be contributing to a lack of progress for blacks. Education is also linked to white views on this. When it comes to family instability and lack of good role models, blacks and whites offer similar views.
And about half of each group say the same about a lack of good role models. Black and white adults who are married are about as likely as those who are not married to say family instability is a major factor holding black people back.
On balance, many more Americans say that, when it comes to discrimination against blacks in the U. Across many realms of American life — including in dealing with the police, in the courts, when voting, in the workplace, when applying for a loan or mortgage, and in stores or restaurants — black adults are consistently more likely than whites to say blacks are treated less fairly, both in the communities where they live and in the country as a whole.
At least half of whites say both groups are treated about equally in stores or restaurants, in the workplace, when applying for a loan or mortgage and when voting in elections; and about four-in-ten say this about the treatment of blacks and whites in dealing with the police or in the courts.
Virtually no white adults say whites are treated less fairly than blacks in each of these realms. By large margins, white Democrats are more likely than white Republicans and independents to say blacks are treated less fairly than whites in the U.
And while at least half across partisan groups say blacks and whites in the U. Blacks and whites also offer widely different views when asked to assess the way each group is treated in their own communities. However, across many measures, blacks and whites are more likely to say blacks are treated less fairly than whites in the country than they are to say this is the case in their own community.
They may also be motivated by biases about pregnant women or mothers themselves, particularly those from certain racial, ethnic, or economic backgrounds. These types of discriminatory practices can have both economic and health consequences. Thus, it is critical to ensure that any policies aimed at reducing pregnancy discrimination specifically examine and incorporate strategies to eliminate racial, ethnic, and economic disparities in the treatment of pregnant workers.
Race, ethnicity, and economic status often can influence whether mothers and pregnant women in the United States are expected to continue working, and these views can affect how they are treated in the workplace. Research examining how race affects perceptions about mothers notes that black mothers, for example, are often expected to work because of long-standing stereotypes about who should provide labor.
Black mothers have the highest labor force participation rates of mothers from any racial or ethnic group, a trend that has been true for years; in , Yet their compensation does not match this increased participation: Black mothers consistently earn less than their white counterparts, and the gap only increases when compared with white fathers.
Similarly, many women working in low-wage jobs are undervalued and treated as if they are less deserving of respect. Women are overrepresented in these occupations, with Many women of color also encounter attitudes that minimize their need for protections. These attitudes can also affect the ability of women of color to move into the workforce.
Research on young, pregnant Latinas found that many felt discouraged from pursuing their education altogether or relegated to less rigorous programs once they became pregnant.
Lowered expectations about work combined with the devaluation of their contributions to the workplace may lead to the denial of accommodations and outright firing of pregnant workers. When a woman is denied pregnancy accommodations, she may be forced to choose between a healthy pregnancy and her livelihood. While the federal PDA has provided pregnant women with critical protections, lawmakers at the national level can and should take important steps to strengthen protections further.
The Pregnant Workers Fairness Act , a bipartisan effort to address issues around accommodations for pregnant workers, has been introduced in every legislative session since but has yet to move forward. In the face of federal inaction to combat pregnancy discrimination, 23 states and Washington, D.
The passage of these state laws reflects important progress.
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